Question : What Are Recommended Size Of Ppe’s To Use.

Answer : Here Are Some Simple Guidelines To Help You Make The Best Decision When Purchasing Sized Ppe.

Shoes
 

By The Time We Reach Adulthood, Most Of Us Have Figured Out How To Find A Pair Of Comfortable Shoes Or Boots, But In Ppe The Common Items Of Footwear Are Overshoes And Overboots. Overshoes Are Sized To Fit Over The Shoes Being Worn Underneath And Correspond In Size; A Size 10 Overshoe Will Fit Over A Size 10 Shoe. Women’s Sizes Are Still Uncommon In Overshoes And Overboots, But A Workable Rule Of Thumb Is To Simply Add Two Sizes. For Instance, A Men’s Size 10 Should Correspond To A Women’s Size 12.
 

Gloves
Tight-Fitting Gloves Can Cause Fatigue, But Loose-Fitting Gloves Can Become A Hazard. Gloves Are Sized By Number (6, 7, 8, Etc.) Or Using General Size Descriptors (Small, Medium, Large, Etc.). Sizing Can Vary Slightly Among Styles Or Manufacturers, But For A General Idea Of What Number Size Will Fit Your Hand, Measure The Circumference Of Your Palm By Wrapping A Soft Tape Measure Around Your Hand On A Line From Just Below Your Pinky To Just Below The Knuckle Of The First Finger. This Will Give You A Size In Inches Equivalent To Your Glove Size. An 8-Inch Measurement Equals A Size 8 Glove, And So On. Size Extra Small Is Roughly Equivalent To A 6- To 7-Inch Palm Circumference, Small To A 7- To 8-Inch Circumference, Medium To An 8- To 9-Inch Circumference, Large To A 9- To 10-Inch Circumference, And Extra Large To A 10- To 11-Inch Circumference.

Hard Hats
Hard Hat Sizes Can Seem A Bit Mysterious. They Do Not Correspond Directly To Head Circumference. Here Is A General Guide: Size 6 Fits A Head With A 19-Inch Circumference; Size 6-1/2 Fits A 20-Inch Head; Size 7 Fists A 22-Inch Head; Size 7-1/2 Fits A 23-Inch Head; Size 8 Fits A 25-Inch Head.

Eyewear
Safety Eyewear Size Measurements Depend On The Type Of Lens You Have. With A Single-Lens System, Size Is Measured In Millimeters (25.4mm Equals An Inch) From The Outside Of The Left Temple To The Outside Of The Right Temple. If The Eyewear Has A Two-Lens System, Such As Prescription Eyewear, Size Is Measured In Millimeters From The Left To Right Of Each Lens.

Respirators
Of All Ppe Sizing Challenges, Accurate Sizing For Respirators Is The Most Critical. Confusion Sometimes Occurs Because Respirator Sizes Are Given Descriptors (Small, Medium And Large), But These Do Not Relate To Any Measurable Value. Respirators Are Made With The Assumption That Most People’s Faces And Heads Have About The Same Width And Length. This Means That A Medium Size Will Fit Approximately 85 To 90 Percent Of The Population. Small And Large Sizes Are Made For A Minority Of The Population. People Who Need These Sizes Generally Know From Their Experience Buying Hats Or Prescription Eyewear That Their Face And Head Size Falls Outside The Norm.

 Question. What Is ASTM, how It Was formed?

Over A Century Ago A Group Of Engineers And Scientists Got Together To Do Something About The Questionable Quality Of Steel Being Used In The Rapidly Expanding American Railroad Industry. This Group Became The American Society For Testing And Materials (ASTM). Today, With A Membership That Includes Scientists And Professionals From Over 100 Different Countries, The Society Has Renamed Itself ASTM International.
       
Question -- Does ASTM F 23 Drafted New Standards for protective clothing.

       
ASTM Committee F23 Is A Group Within The Society That Was Formed In 1977 For The Specific Purpose Of Establishing Standards For Protective Clothing. Committee F23 Develops Testing Procedures For Clothing That Offers Protection From Physical, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Flame And Thermal Hazards.

       
Committee F23 Is Comprised Of Five Subcommittees. Each Is Currently At Work On Updating Standards Or Creating New Standards For One Of The Following:
 

       
• Design And Performance Requirements For Surgical Gowns That Divide The Gowns Into Different Levels Based On Their Flammability, Breaking Strength, Tearing Resistance, Breathability And Linting.
       
• Correction Of The Current Lack Of Standards For Effective Protective Clothing Against Radiological Hazards With Development Of Test Methods That Analyze The Attenuation Through Clothing Of Energy Associated With Various Kinds Of Radiation.
       
• Improved Protection For Workers In The Molten Metal Industry With New Classifications Of Clothing According To Ability To Resist Flame Or Heat, Ability To Shed Molten Materials And The Rate At Which Clothing Materials Degrade During Exposure To High Heat.
       
• Replace Vague Manufacturer Recommendations To Use “Appropriate” Ppe With Inclusion Of More Specific Recommendations On Material Safety Data Sheets (Msds).
       
• Develop Cut And Puncture Resistance Performance Standards For Gloves And Aprons.

       
• Measure The Overall Comfort Of Protective Clothing For Thermal Comfort And Breathability, And Evaluate Cooling Devices.

     

    Question : Does Osha Certify Gloves Or Any Other Ppe?

Answer : One Common Misconception Is That Osha Recommends Or Certifies Gloves, Or Other Types Of Products. In Fact, Osha Does Not Certify Any Products.

         

Question : Which Gloves And Other Ppe (Personal Protective Equipment) Is Appropriate For Your Application? Who Is Responsible For Which Items Are Selected?

       
Answer :  According To Osha Regulations, The Employer (Or End User) Has The Final Responsibility For Selecting Gloves And Other Ppe. On Occasion, In Cases Where The Work Is Especially Dangerous, An Osha Inspector Might Request Documentation That The Glove Selection Is Appropriate. Osha Does Issue Simple Guidelines To Help Establish A Safe And Healthy Work Environment.

       
Most Manufacturers And Distributors Of Gloves And Other Ppe Can Make Glove Recommendations Based On Testing Data Supplied By The Manufacturer. But Test Data Is Gathered Using Standard Laboratory Test Methods, And As A Result May Not Replicate The Actual Conditions In Which The Gloves Are Being Used. For This Reason, And Because The Manufacturers Do Not Have Complete Knowledge Or Control Over The Conditions In Which The Gloves Are Used, Recommendations Are Advisory Only. Osha Regulations Give Responsibility For Selecting Gloves And Ppe To The Employer Or End User.

         

   
Question : When Can Gloves Be Reused?

       
Answer :  Osha Currently Offers No Specific Answers To The Question Because There Are Too Many Possible Situations In Which The Answers Wouldn't Apply. For Example, A Glove With A Small Cut In Its Protective Film May Be Appropriate For Use In Some Applications But Not Others. If The Glove Provides Protection From Sharp Objects, It Might Be Used Again As Long As A Second Sharp Object Is Unlikely To Hit The Glove In Exactly The Same Place. If The Glove Provides Protection Against Liquid Chemicals, Then Even One Small Cut Is Too Many And The Glove Should Be Replaced.

       
Osha Does Provide Fairly Precise Guidelines To Deal With Potential Hand Contact With Blood And Other Potentially Infectious Materials.

           
Disposable Single-Use Gloves Such As Surgical Or Exam Gloves Must Be Replaced As Soon As Practical When Contaminated Or As Soon As Feasible If Torn, Punctured Or When Their Ability To Function As A Barrier Is Compromised.

           
Disposable Single-Use Gloves Cannot Be Reused, Even If Washed Or Decontaminated.

           
Utility Gloves May Be Decontaminated For Reuse If The Integrity Of The Glove Is Not Compromised, But They Should Be Discarded If They Are Cracked, Peeling, Torn, Punctured, Or Exhibiting Other Signs Of Deterioration, Or When Their Ability To Function As A Barrier Is Compromised.

         

   
Question :  How To Dispose Gloves?

       
Answer : The Method Of Disposing Of Glove Disposal Depends On How The Glove Was Used. If The Glove Is Contaminated With A Toxic Compound Or Biological Material That Is Covered By Any Disposal Regulations, The Gloves Must Be Handled In The Same Way As The Toxic Material Itself. If Gloves Are Not Contaminated Or Have Been Properly Decontaminated, Either Landfill Or Incineration Is A Satisfactory Means Of Disposal.

       
Since Ordinary Aerobic Or Anaerobic Decomposition Processes In Gloves Will Not Form Any Toxic Products, Gloves May Be Disposed Of In Any Landfill. Breakdown In Landfill Will Be Very Slow Except For Products Made Of Cotton Or Natural Rubber. Incineration Is An Optimum Choice, And A Good Unit Will Completely Burn All Types Of Gloves As Well As Any Intermediate Decomposition Products Formed During The Process. If Dealing With Large Quantities Of Gloves, Contact The Glove Manufacturer For Specific Recommendations.

         

    Question : How To Wear A Respirator?

       
Answer :  The Respirator Should Cover Nose, Mouth And Chin. The Upper Strap Goes Over The Crown Of The Head And The Lower Strap Goes Below The Ears. Gently Press The Nose Clip To Give It The Shape Of Nose Bridge. Gently Cup The Respirator And Inhale Sharply. If The Respirator Collapses At The Center, It Is Correctly Fitted.

     

 Question : What is niosh classifation for respirators?

       
Answer : Niosh 42 Cfr84 Filter Classifications

            N - For Solid Particulates And Non-Oil Aerosols That Do Not Degrade Filter Performance.

            R - For Solid Particulates And Degrading Oil Based Aerosols. R Filters Have "Use Limitations."

            P - For Solid Particulates And Degrading Oil Based Aerosols. P Filters Have No "Use Limitations" Other Than Those Normally Associated With Particulate Filters.

     Three Efficiency Levels: 95% 99% 99.97%

    Question : In General Industry, What Is The Time Weighted Average (Twa) Action Level For Formaldehyde?

        Answer : The Correct Answer Is: A. 0.75ppm Per 29 Cfr 1910.1048

    Question : A Safety Shoe Has ANSI Compliance Code ANSI Z41 Pt 99 M I/75 C/75. The Letters "Pt" Stand For What?

        Answer : Protective Section

     

    Question : What are the standards set for first-responder PPE?

       
Answer : The U.S. Department Of Homeland Security’s Science And Technology Division Recently Adopted A First Set Of Standards For Personal Protective Equipment (Ppe) Developed For Protection Against Chemical, Biological, Radiological And Nuclear Incidents. These Standards Have Been Established To Provide Emergency Personnel With The Best Available Protective Gear.

       
The Department Of Homeland Security Developed These Standards In Partnership With The National Fire Protection Association (Nfpa) And The National Institute For Occupational Safety And Health (Niosh). These Guidelines Have Also Been Adopted By The Interagency Board For Equipment Standardization And Interoperability. The Standards Include Niosh Standards For Three Main Categories Of Respiratory Protection Equipment Designed For Chemical, Biological, Radiological Or Nuclear Situations, And Five Current Nfpa Standards For Protective Suits And Clothing To Be Used In Responding To Chemical, Biological And Radiological Attacks.

       
The Ppe Standards Are Designed To Assist State And Local Officials In Procurement Decisions Related To First Responder Equipment. In Addition, These Guidelines Will Help Manufacturers Meet The Standards By Providing Performance Standards And Test Methods. This Provides The Manufacturing Community With Minimum Performance Requirements For Equipment, And The Test Methods To Confirm That The Required Performance Levels Are Achieved.

     

    Question : What Class Of Hard Hat [ Safety Helmet] Has The Highest Level Of Electrical Protection ?

       
Answer : Class ‘E’ Hard Hat Provides Highest Level Of Electrical Protection.

     

    Question :  Is There Any Product To Control Static Electricity?

      
Answer : Any Electrical Work Or Work With Electronic Devices Should Include Procedures To Remove Variables That Might Increase The Build-Up Of Static Electricity. For Example, Because Plastic Generally Creates More Static Charge, Metal Devices Are Preferred Over Plastic. In Areas Where Electrostatic Sensitivity Is A Concern, Rugs Or Carpeting Should Be Removed. A Wide Variety Of Products Is Available For Controlling Static Electricity In Various Settings.

        • Wrist Straps.
        • Wrist Straps Provide Basic Control Of Human Static Charge. Straps Attach To A Ground So People And Equipment Operate At Ground Potential, Eliminating Any Transfer Of Charge From Person To Equipment. Wrist Straps Need Regular Testing For Continuity Of Grounds And Can Be Tested Using A Ground/Circuit Tester.
        • Area Treatments .
        • Protecting The Area Or Floor Is Another Common Method Of Controlling Build-Up Of Human Static Charge. Treatments Include Floor Mats, Floor Finishes And Electro-statically Dissipative Floors. The Last Is Especially Useful Where Mobility Is Important.
        • Contact Treatments
        Anything That Touches The Floor Has ESD Properties, Including Shoes And Casters. Shoes Can Be Grounded With Grounding Straps. Insulative Equipment, Such As Padded Shoes Or Natural Rubber Casters, Also Prevent Static Charges From Flowing From Bodies To The Floor.
        • Workstations ESD .
        • Workstations Are Made Of Materials That Limit Static Charge And Are Outfitted With Equipment To Do The Same, Generally Including A Means Of Connecting All Surfaces With A Common Ground. Table Mats Can Be Used On A Work Surfaces To Help Dissipate Static Charge, But They Must Be Properly Grounded To Be Effective.
        • Air Ionizers.
        • When Removing Every Static-Generating Object In An Area Is Impossible, Air Ionizers Will Neutralize Static Charges Over A Short Period Of Time By Producing An Ionized Air Stream.
        • Field Meters
        • An Electrostatic Field Meter Measures The Presence Of An Electrostatic Charge. The Meter Can Identify Problem Areas In An ESD-Control Program By Measuring The Electrostatic Field Associated With A Charged Object.
        • Resistance Meters
        • Measuring Resistance Also Helps In Evaluating ESD-Control Materials. A Resistance Meter Provides Data Necessary To Evaluate The Resistance Of Flooring Materials, Work Surfaces, Equipment, Furniture, Garments And Packaging Materials.
        All Areas Designated As Electrostatic Protected Must Be Posted With ANSI ESD S801-1993 Labels, Also Known As ESD Awareness Symbols.
       

    Question : How Often Does A Dry Chemical Fire Extinguisher With A Stainless Steel Shell Need To Be Hydrostatically Tested?

        Answer : A. Every 5 Years (Per 29cfr 1910.157).

     

   
Question : What Is The Maximum Amount Of A 1c Flammable That A Safety Can May Contain?

        Answer : 5 Gallons

     

    Question : What Is Magnification ?

       
Answer : This Is The Number Of Times Greater Than An Object’s Actual Size That The Object Will Appear Under Magnification. It Is Expressed As A Number Followed By The Letter “X.” For Instance, An Object Under A 5x Lens Will Appear To Be 5 Times Larger Than Normal. This Is Also Commonly Referred To As “Power.”
        Field Of View

        This Is The Area Visible Through The Magnifier. The Higher The Magnification, The Smaller The Lens; The Smaller The Lens, The Smaller The Field Of View. For This Reason, Higher Power Magnifiers Are Used For Observing Small Areas, While Lower Power Magnifiers Are Better Suited To Viewing Large Areas.
        Focal Length
        This Is The Distance Between The Magnifier And The Object Being Viewed At Which The Object Appears “In Focus.” If A Magnifier Is Being Used In A Process That Requires Work With Tools, A Longer Focal Length Allows More Room For Tool Manipulation. Focal Length Is Also Commonly Know As “Working Distance.”
        Diopter
        This Is The Amount Of Power In A Lens Needed To Focus Parallel Light From One Meter Away From The Lens. It Is Another Useful Term Used For Describing The Magnification Power Of A Lens.

    Question : How To Protect From Sun Rays?

        Answer : That Warm, Golden Sunshine Includes Ultraviolet (Uv) Radiation, The Ingredient That Makes Too Much Sun Such A Bad Thing. Uv Is The Culprit Behind Wrinkled Skin, Skin Cancers And Cataracts. If You Were Born To Burn, Beware. People With Moles, Especially Irregular Ones, Or Freckles, Fair Skin, Blond, Red Or Light Brown Hair, Tend To Sunburn Easily. They, Along With Everyone Else, Should Take The Following Steps To Block Those Uv Rays:
        • Cover Up With Opaque Clothing.
        • Before You Go Out, Apply Sunscreen With An Spf Rating Of At Least 15.
        • Wear A Hat With A Brim Wide Enough To Shade All Of Your Face And Neck.
        • Wear Sunglasses That Block At Least 99 Percent Of Uva And Uvb Radiation.
        • Plan Outdoor Activities For Early Or Late In The Day; Uv Radiation Hits Hardest Between Ten In The Morning And Four In The Afternoon.
        Heat
        Or Is It The Humidity? Extremes Of Either Heat Or Humidity Can Make You Uncomfortable, But Together They Up The Ante For Heat Exhaustion And Heat Stroke. Steps To Protect Yourself Include:
        • Carry Water And Keep Sipping. If You Feel Thirsty, You’re Not Drinking Enough.
        • Wear Light, Loose, Breathable Clothing.
        • Take More Breaks And Eat Smaller Meals, Especially Before Working.
        • Cut Down On The Caffeine, Alcohol And Heavy Sweets.
        If Your Work Requires That You Wear Protective Clothing Or Use A Respirator, Plan To Take Even More Breaks For Cooling Off And Drinking Fluids. If You Are Using Medications, Check With Your Doctor To Make Sure That You Won’t Have A Bad Reaction To Heat Or Sunlight.
        Ticks
        Those Nasty Little Blood-Sucking Deer Ticks Carry Lyme Disease. If You Work In The Woods Or Where Vegetation Is Thick, You Run A Higher Risk Of Being Bitten And Infected. Most Victims Will See A “Bulls-Eye” Rash Develop After A Bite, And Then Develop Symptoms Similar To Those Of Flu. The Disease Can Be Treated, But Early Treatment Is Much More Effective Than Later, And The Debilitating Nature Of Lyme Disease Should Drive Home The Point That Prevention Trumps Cure. Use These Strategies To Protect Yourself From Tick Bites:
        • Wear Light-Colored Clothing So Ticks Are Easier To Spot.
        • Wear Long Sleeves And Tuck Pant Legs Into Socks Or Boots (Yes, This Will Make Working On A Hot Day Even Hotter, So Plan For Breaks And Extra Liquids).
        • Wear A Hat And High Boots Or Shoes That Cover Your Feet.
        • Use A Tick Repellant, But Follow Directions Carefully.
        • Shower After Work; Wash And Dry Work Clothes At High Temperatures.
        Check Your Body Thoroughly For Ticks After Working Outdoors. If You Find Any, Remove Them With A Fine-Tipped Tweezers. Osha Recommends That You Do Not Try To Burn Ticks Or Smother Them With Petroleum Jelly Or Other Substances.
        Mosquitoes
        These Persistent Pests Have Always Been An Annoyance, But When The West Nile Virus Appeared, They Became Potential Carriers Of A Dangerous Disease. A Severe Infection Of West Nile Can Debilitate Or Kill, You Can Stop Mosquitoes Before They Start By Removing Handy Breeding Grounds. Get Rid Of Standing Water In Buckets, Barrels Or Old Tires. To Protect Yourself From Mosquito Bites, Take These Steps:
        • Use A Repellant Containing Deet On Exposed Skin.
        • Spray Clothing With Repellants Containing Deet Or Permethrin.
        • Cover Exposed Skin With Pants, Long Sleeves And Socks.
        Mosquitoes Prefer Shade And Are Most Active At Dusk And Dawn. If You Must Work In The Shade Or During Early Or Late Hours, Dress For Protection And Use Repellants.

     

    Question : Tell Something About Nist.

        Answer : National Institute Of Standards And Technologies (Nist), An Agency Of The U.S. Commerce Department Established In 1901 Certifies Products Commonly Timers, Calibration Weights, Sound Level Meters, Tachometers, Electrical Multi-Meters, Thermometers, Clocks, Pressure Gauges, Anemometers, Ph Meters, Micrometers And Light Meters. Most Products That Take Measurements Have An Srm. Manufacturers Can Compare Their Product Against The Srm To Ensure It Is Working Within The Acceptable Parameters. Once A Product Has Been Tested By Nist, It Can Be Sold With A Nist Certificate. The Certificate Has An Expiration Date That Lets The End User Know When The Product Needs To Be Recalibrated Or Retested.

        Some Industries Require Compliance With The International Organization For Standardization (ISO). Because ISO Compliance Is Widely Perceived As An Indicator Of Quality Products Or Excellent Service, Some Organizations Voluntarily Strive To Meet ISO Requirements So They Can Advertise Their Compliance. ISO Requirements Often Call For All Testing Instrumentation To Have Nist Certification For Documentation Purposes.

         

    Question : Tell Something About Excavator And Backhoe Safety

        Answer : Before Work Begins, Make Sure That The Work Site Has Been Fully Checked And Prepared By Following These Steps:
        • Contact Local Utilities And Other Responsible Parties To Locate Overhead And Underground Utility Lines.
        • Avoid Work Around Overhead Power Lines. If It Can’t Be Avoided, Develop A Plan To Ensure That Contact With The Lines Does Not Occur. The Plan, Along With Osha Regulations For Minimum Clearance [29 Cfr 1926.550(A)(15)], Should Be Followed Carefully.
        • Identify And Avoid Grades Steeper Than Those Specified By The Manufacturer For Operation Of Hydraulic Excavators Or Backhoes.
        • Keep Machinery At A Safe Distance From Excavations Such As Trenches.
        Just As The Site Should Be Fully Prepared, The Equipment Operators Should Be Fully Trained.
        • Train Equipment Operators Fully In The Proper Use Of Their Equipment. Operators Should Be Familiar With Equipment Specifications And Follow The Manufacturer’s Recommendations Carefully.
        • Check All Safety Features To Make Sure That They Are Working.
        • Reevaluate And Adjust Safety Programs As Work Site Conditions Change.
        • Identify And Label All Machine Controls Clearly.
        • Install, Operate And Maintain All Equipment Attachments According To The Manufacturer’s Specifications.
        • Latch Quick-Disconnect Buckets Securely Before Work Begins And Inspect Frequently. Follow The Manufacturer’s Instructions For Using Positive Locks On Quick-Disconnect Equipment.
        • Operators Should Conduct Visual And Operational Checks On All Machine Systems And Operating Controls Before Working The Machine.
        • Operators Should Use The Supplied Seat Belts!
        • Operators Should Not Exceed Load Capacities When Lifting Materials.
        • Without Exception, Operators Should Lower The Boom To A Safe Position With The Bucket On The Ground And Turn Off The Machine Before Stepping Off.

        Like The Machine Operators, Anyone Who Will Be Working In The Vicinity Of The Equipment Should Also Receive Appropriate Training.
        • Anyone Working At The Site Should Be Trained To Recognize And Avoid Unsafe Conditions And To Follow Required Safe Work Practices That Apply.

        • Before Each Work Shift Begins, Machine Operators And Those Working On Foot Should Review And Confirm Communication Signals.
        • Anyone Working At The Site Should Be Aware The Established Swing Areas And Blind Spots For Each Machine In Operation Before The Machine Begins Operation. These Areas Should Be Marked With Rope, Tape Or Other Barriers.
        • Workers Attaching Loads For Hoisting Should Wait Until The Operator Has Lowered The Bucket As Close To The Ground As Possible.
        • Workers Should Stay Outside The Hydraulic Excavator Swing Areas And Stay Clear Of Attachments When Using The Machines For Hoisting Materials.

        • Workers Should Not Be Allowed To Stand Under Suspended Loads Or Suspended Machine Components Such As The Boom, Arm Or Bucket.
        • Workers Should Not Approach The Hydraulic Excavator Or Backhoe On Foot Until They Signal The Operator To Shut Down The Machine And Receive Acknowledgment From The Operator.
        • When Necessary, Spotters Or Signal Persons Should Be Used Around Operating Equipment.
        • Workers Should Never Ride In Or Work From Excavator Or Backhoe Loader Buckets.
        • Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment Should Be Available To Workers, And Supervisors Should Insist That Workers Use And Maintain It.

     

    Question : Tagout Attachment Devices Are Required To Have A Minimum Unlocking Strength Of How Many Pounds?

        Answer :  50

    Question : What things determine the need for safety training, and how do I identify these needs?

        Answer : safety training does not simply involve inviting a group of workers to a meeting on the safety topic of the month. It involves planning, preparation or development, and evaluation. But even before you get to the planning point of your program, you need to do some preliminary legwork, or analysis, to determine when training is the appropriate organizational response to a problem, issue, or need. So, before you commit to a training program, analyze organizational needs and specific problems, and review regulatory requirements for training.

       
Analysts use surveys, interviews, observations, or a combination of these to determine possible training needs. Managers, line supervisors, or workers might be asked questions seeking information on workplace accidents and "near misses," product quality, production efficiency, and on whatever else could point to areas where safety training or engineering/administrative control is needed.

       
When employees are not performing their jobs safely, it is often assumed that training will bring them up to speed. However, it is possible that other actions (such as hazard abatement or the implementation of engineering controls) would enable employees to perform safely on the job.

       
Problems that can be addressed effectively by training include those that arise from a lack of knowledge of a work process, unfamiliarity with equipment, or incorrect execution of a task. Training is less effective (but still can be used) for problems arising from an employee's lack of motivation or lack of attention to the job. Whatever its purpose, training is most effective when designed in relation to the goals of the employer's total safety and health program.

       
Ideally, safety and health training should be provided before problems or accidents occur. This training would cover both general safety and health rules and work procedures, and would be repeated if an accident or near miss incident occurs.

   
Question : Does a company need to have a written plan for possible explosions, flash floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, blizzards, bomb threats, fires, chemical spills, or civil disturbances?

       
Answer : Yes and no. All companies with 11 or more employees are required to have an emergency action plan according to 29 CFR 1910.38(a). However, if a company has 10 or fewer employees, it has the option to skip the written plan and simply tell its employees its emergency action plan. All companies must have an emergency action plan, just certain companies do not have to put it in writing.

  How long do I have to retain records for employee training?

There is no one standard length of time to keep training records for all OSHA regulations. Unlike employee exposure records that must be retained for 30 years and medical records that must be retained for the time of employment plus thirty years (under 29 CFR 1910.1020), training record retention varies from regulation to regulation. Here are some examples:

 29 CFR 1910.1030-Bloodborne pathogens-requires retraining at least annually and a written training record that must be retained for 3 years.

 29 CFR 1910.134-Respiratory protection-requires retraining at least annually, but no specific written training record is required. Written fit testing records must be retained until the next test takes place.

 29 CFR 1910.119-Process safety management-requires retraining at least every 3 years and a written training record. No training record retention time is specified.

29 CFR 1910.1200-Hazard communication-requires retraining as new hazards are introduced, but no specific written training record is required.

29 CFR 1910.132-General requirements for personal protective equipment-requires retraining as necessary and a written training certification. No training record retention time is specified.

29 CFR 1910.147-Lockout/tagout-requires retraining as necessary and a written training certification. No training record retention time is specified.

29 CFR 1910.146-Permit-required confined spaces-requires retraining as necessary and a written training certification. No training record retention time is specified. Cancelled entry permits are required to be retained for 1 year.

 29 CFR 1910.178-Powered industrial trucks-requires an operator evaluation at least once every three years and a written training and evaluation certification. No training or evaluation record retention time is specified.

The proposed rule on Tuberculosis would require retraining at least annually and a written training record that would be retained for 3 years.

When training records are required, it would be best to always have them available. Consider keeping all training records during the worker's full period of employment. Your company may even set a policy to retain training records for a period after employment has been terminated. When written training records are not required, your company may still want to prepare them as a way to help keep your safety training program organized.

         
 Question : Are all office chemicals exempt from the Hazard Communication Standard?

Answer : No. They are not all exempt. Non-hazardous chemicals do not apply to the Standard. However, hazardous chemicals in the office are exempt only if they fall under one of the exemptions found under 29 CFR 1910.1200(b). For example, food, drugs, and cosmetics brought into the workplace for employee consumption are exempt. Therefore, rubbing alcohol in the first aid kit would not be covered. Also consumer products are exempted when used as you would at home. So correction fluid used to correct occasional mistakes or computer screen cleaner used infrequently would not be covered, but correction fluid or screen cleaner used for several hours per day every day would be covered. See the entire list of exemptions under 29 CFR 1910.1200(b).

 
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